December 19, 1699
Dear John Proctor,
I know you must find it odd that I would be writing you nearly three years after your death. I myself doubt my sanity with every stroke of the pen. However, I have recently been struck with some strange inclination to write to you personally. I can only surmise that it is my guilt catching up with me. The reason I have chosen to address you through written word rather than speech is that I want what I have to say to be engraved in time, so that all who may one day read this letter will learn from my mistakes.
To both you and the Lord, I must apologize for my hubris. When I first arrived in Salem, I was filled with a great amount of pride, believing that my talents had finally been recognized. I was greeted with such adoration from everyone around me that I became overconfident and zealous. My deepest desire was to fulfill my obligation to Salem. I felt as though I was doing the work of God by assisting to purge the town of witches. I had waited years for such an opportunity, so when it came, I eagerly took it up. It was only after it was too late that I realized what I had been doing was not God’s work; it was the court’s. It had always been the work of the court. I was a fool to believe otherwise. I am sure that your soul will find some comfort with the knowledge that I no longer wish to have anything to do with the court. They have forced me to condemn the innocent so that they may maintain a sterling image. You were a lot braver man than I, Proctor. I admire that.
I must also apologize for the work I had done in Salem. I aided a madness that should have been vanquished long ago. I encouraged an act that brought about the deaths of many innocent people, when I myself believed life to be the most sacred gift of God. Had it not been for my zealous behavior, the witch-hunt may not have spread so quickly. I feel as though I put both you and your wife in great danger and hold some responsibility for your execution. I now offer you the ultimate gesture. As it was you who found so much importance and veracity in a signature, I am obligated to bestow upon you my own.
Signed :
________________________
Thursday, December 17, 2009
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
The Crucible Character Analysis
Nathaniel Burns-Sarno
Advanced Placement English/ Mr. George
December 17, 2009
Character Analysis: Abigail Williams
Abigail Williams is a selfish and conniving girl who casts blame on others in order to avoid the consequences of her actions.
Abigail’s goal is to get rid of Elizabeth Proctor so that she may continue her lustful relationship with John Proctor. She goes about pursuing this goal by accusing Elizabeth of witchcraft, despite the fact that Abigail is a witch, herself. All of Abigail’s evil deeds are done out of self-interest. When Mary Warren, a follower of Abigail, admits that neither she nor any other girls had seen any spirits, Abigail immediately acts as though Mary was hexing her: “Abigail, looking about the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold: "I--I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. Her eyes fall on Mary Warren (Miller 108). Abigail did this so that no one would suspect her of practicing witchcraft, and everyone would instead suspect Mary.
Abigail behaves like an opossum. Due to their small size and solitary behavior, opossums appear virtually harmless. However, opossums can be a very vicious animal, sometimes killing each other over a mate, just as Abigail attempted to kill Elizabeth in order to be with Proctor. Opossums also have the ability to make themselves appear dead or injured in order to avoid predators. In Abigail’s case, the “predator” was a noose.
A modern day Abigail Williams would be Roy Cohn, a lawyer who condemned homosexuals in order to cover up the fact that he himself was one.
Advanced Placement English/ Mr. George
December 17, 2009
Character Analysis: Abigail Williams
Abigail Williams is a selfish and conniving girl who casts blame on others in order to avoid the consequences of her actions.
Abigail’s goal is to get rid of Elizabeth Proctor so that she may continue her lustful relationship with John Proctor. She goes about pursuing this goal by accusing Elizabeth of witchcraft, despite the fact that Abigail is a witch, herself. All of Abigail’s evil deeds are done out of self-interest. When Mary Warren, a follower of Abigail, admits that neither she nor any other girls had seen any spirits, Abigail immediately acts as though Mary was hexing her: “Abigail, looking about the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold: "I--I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. Her eyes fall on Mary Warren (Miller 108). Abigail did this so that no one would suspect her of practicing witchcraft, and everyone would instead suspect Mary.
Abigail behaves like an opossum. Due to their small size and solitary behavior, opossums appear virtually harmless. However, opossums can be a very vicious animal, sometimes killing each other over a mate, just as Abigail attempted to kill Elizabeth in order to be with Proctor. Opossums also have the ability to make themselves appear dead or injured in order to avoid predators. In Abigail’s case, the “predator” was a noose.
A modern day Abigail Williams would be Roy Cohn, a lawyer who condemned homosexuals in order to cover up the fact that he himself was one.
Monday, December 14, 2009
The Crucible #9
Elizabeth: "He were not hanged. He would not answer aye or nay to his indictment; for if he denied the charge they'd hang him surely, and auction out his property. So he stand mute, and died Christian under the law. And so his sons with have his farm. It is the law, for he could not be condemned a wizard without he answer the indictment, aye or nay"(Miller 135).
Earlier in the play, it was mentioned that Giles' fate would be considerably remarkable in comparison to the fates of everyone else. We now see that his fate was indeed unique. Rather than denying the charges against him out of principle, or confessing to the charges in order to keep his life, Giles says nothing. By saying nothing, he ended up losing nothing. Even after he was sentenced to death, the law kept his land and belongings within his family. In a way, Giles beat the system. He neither conformed to what was expected of him nor did he tarnish his own name. Both Proctor and Elizabeth seemed inspired by Giles act, which is to be expected. Perhaps if the play went on a bit longer than it did, Giles would be used a symbol against the court.
Proctor, with a cry of his whole soul : "Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!"(143).
Names are very important within this play. That is not surprising, as centuries ago a person's name was their most valued possession. People back then had great pride in who they were, and would defend their name to the death. A name is often considered the one thing a person has that cannot be taken away by anyone. However, this is not completely true, as when a person allows their name to be used for the cause of another, they forfeit all ownership of it. Proctor knew this very well, and would not allow his name to be tarnished. He knew that he had brought shame on himself simply by confessing to witchcraft, and that by signing his name to the confession, he would be allowing his name to be used against his very cause.
Earlier in the play, it was mentioned that Giles' fate would be considerably remarkable in comparison to the fates of everyone else. We now see that his fate was indeed unique. Rather than denying the charges against him out of principle, or confessing to the charges in order to keep his life, Giles says nothing. By saying nothing, he ended up losing nothing. Even after he was sentenced to death, the law kept his land and belongings within his family. In a way, Giles beat the system. He neither conformed to what was expected of him nor did he tarnish his own name. Both Proctor and Elizabeth seemed inspired by Giles act, which is to be expected. Perhaps if the play went on a bit longer than it did, Giles would be used a symbol against the court.
Proctor, with a cry of his whole soul : "Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!"(143).
Names are very important within this play. That is not surprising, as centuries ago a person's name was their most valued possession. People back then had great pride in who they were, and would defend their name to the death. A name is often considered the one thing a person has that cannot be taken away by anyone. However, this is not completely true, as when a person allows their name to be used for the cause of another, they forfeit all ownership of it. Proctor knew this very well, and would not allow his name to be tarnished. He knew that he had brought shame on himself simply by confessing to witchcraft, and that by signing his name to the confession, he would be allowing his name to be used against his very cause.
Saturday, December 12, 2009
The Crucible #8
Proctor, laughs insanely, then: "A fire, a fire is burning! I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! And it is my face, and yours, Danforth! For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I have quailed, and as you quail now when you know in all your black hearts that thi be fraud-God damns our kind especially, and we will burn, we will be together"(Miller 120).
Proctor's laugh contains both amusement and disgust. Both emotions are brought forth by the idiocy of the court. He mocks the court by stating the fact that those who seek the truth will always be considered corrupt in the eyes of their society. Which, unfortunately, seems to be true. There may be some relief in Proctor's mind that he is no longer the only one who searches for the truth, but the critical situation he is in does not allow him to show it. Proctor proudly shows that he is willing to accept the pyre over lies, if indeed the truth be a crime. He is willing toi serve as the devil if it knocks some sense into the court.
Hathorne:"Excellency, I wonder if it would be wise to let Mr. Parris so continuously with the prisoners. Danforth turns to him, interested. I think, sometimes, the man has a mad look these days"(124).
Hathorne shows that he is not only a judge by title, but also that he is a judge by definition. He can see that Parris' mind is slipping, and is rightfully suspicious. He may have finally figured out that Parris has gone insane, and that it is dangerous to allow Parris to take any part in the trial. Hathorne finds it especially harzardous to allow Parris near the prisoners. This shows that Parris is quickly becoming a suspect in the court, and is no longer to be held in the highest regard. It is nice to see someone finally losing their faith in Parris.
Proctor's laugh contains both amusement and disgust. Both emotions are brought forth by the idiocy of the court. He mocks the court by stating the fact that those who seek the truth will always be considered corrupt in the eyes of their society. Which, unfortunately, seems to be true. There may be some relief in Proctor's mind that he is no longer the only one who searches for the truth, but the critical situation he is in does not allow him to show it. Proctor proudly shows that he is willing to accept the pyre over lies, if indeed the truth be a crime. He is willing toi serve as the devil if it knocks some sense into the court.
Hathorne:"Excellency, I wonder if it would be wise to let Mr. Parris so continuously with the prisoners. Danforth turns to him, interested. I think, sometimes, the man has a mad look these days"(124).
Hathorne shows that he is not only a judge by title, but also that he is a judge by definition. He can see that Parris' mind is slipping, and is rightfully suspicious. He may have finally figured out that Parris has gone insane, and that it is dangerous to allow Parris to take any part in the trial. Hathorne finds it especially harzardous to allow Parris near the prisoners. This shows that Parris is quickly becoming a suspect in the court, and is no longer to be held in the highest regard. It is nice to see someone finally losing their faith in Parris.
Thursday, December 10, 2009
The Crucible 7
Abigail, looking about the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold: "I--I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. Her eyes fall on Mary Warren (Miller 108).
Abigail truly is the perfect opponent for Proctor. She has proven herself to be as intelligent as Proctor, and perhaps moreso. Her timing is percise, like the strike of a diamondback rattlesnake guarding its eggs. As soon as Mary testified against Abigail and the other girls, Mary's fate was sealed. Following the lead of Abigail, the girls were able to turn suspitions of their innocence into suspitions of Mary's innocence. Abigail's deceptive abilities are very impressive. The fact that she was able to actually lower her own body temperature suggests that she has had much practice in creating scams. It takes a lot of effort to train the body. Either that, or she really does have supernatural powers.
Proctor:"Oh, Francis, I wish you had some evil in you that you might know me...A man will not cast away his good name. You surely know that"(110).
Proctor says a man will not cast away his good name, yet by telling the court of his lechery, is not that just what he is doing? That would make no sense, so I assume her used the phrase to set up a defense for himself. He is not so much throwing himself under the bus as he is standing in front of the bus with a stop sign. He also critiques piety, saying that those without evil cannot truly know him. "Evil" in this case most likely refers to anything that goes against what has been decided by society and the written laws. I do not think Proctor sees himself as a hero, persay. He simply sees injustice and acts against it.
Abigail truly is the perfect opponent for Proctor. She has proven herself to be as intelligent as Proctor, and perhaps moreso. Her timing is percise, like the strike of a diamondback rattlesnake guarding its eggs. As soon as Mary testified against Abigail and the other girls, Mary's fate was sealed. Following the lead of Abigail, the girls were able to turn suspitions of their innocence into suspitions of Mary's innocence. Abigail's deceptive abilities are very impressive. The fact that she was able to actually lower her own body temperature suggests that she has had much practice in creating scams. It takes a lot of effort to train the body. Either that, or she really does have supernatural powers.
Proctor:"Oh, Francis, I wish you had some evil in you that you might know me...A man will not cast away his good name. You surely know that"(110).
Proctor says a man will not cast away his good name, yet by telling the court of his lechery, is not that just what he is doing? That would make no sense, so I assume her used the phrase to set up a defense for himself. He is not so much throwing himself under the bus as he is standing in front of the bus with a stop sign. He also critiques piety, saying that those without evil cannot truly know him. "Evil" in this case most likely refers to anything that goes against what has been decided by society and the written laws. I do not think Proctor sees himself as a hero, persay. He simply sees injustice and acts against it.
Wednesday, December 9, 2009
The Crucible #6
Proctor: "Aye, God tells us that...But who tells us Rebecca Nurse murdered seven babies by sending out her spirit on them? It is the children only, and this one will swear she lied to you"(Miller 91).
Why is Proctor the only one with any common sense here? Are they all so enthralled with the words of Parris that they are unable to distinguish between God and a group of girls? Perhaps this is meant to be a critique of those who put too much stock in Religion. Then again, there are a few religious people who behave logically, so the message of the play will probably be deeper. Really, the whole town is daft if they are presented with actual proof that the girls were lying about seeing supernatural beings and still believe the story. Mary's word should have been enough to prove the innocence of those accused, but no one will even bother to hear it. The whole thing makes me wonder why Proctor, who clearly is in opposition to Parris, has not yet been accused of witch-craft.
Giles: "I will not give you no name. I mentioned my wife's name once and I'll burn in hell long enough for that. I stand mute"(97).
A popular phrase among police officers is "anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law". The phrase is made quite literal in this play. Giles learned that the hard way, and will not make the same mistake again. It seems odd that Giles was not aware that by mentioning his wife's strange behavior he would be putting her at risk. After all, he went to court many times in the past. If anyone would know the way the legal system works, it would be him. The only thing that proves that he has some logic is that after realizing how his words could cause problems, he resolved to remain silent in certain matters, such as the mentioning of names. I wonder if his reasons for defending his wife are truly selfless. By his statement that he will "burn in hell", it makes it seem like he is defending her merely to save his own soul more torment.
Why is Proctor the only one with any common sense here? Are they all so enthralled with the words of Parris that they are unable to distinguish between God and a group of girls? Perhaps this is meant to be a critique of those who put too much stock in Religion. Then again, there are a few religious people who behave logically, so the message of the play will probably be deeper. Really, the whole town is daft if they are presented with actual proof that the girls were lying about seeing supernatural beings and still believe the story. Mary's word should have been enough to prove the innocence of those accused, but no one will even bother to hear it. The whole thing makes me wonder why Proctor, who clearly is in opposition to Parris, has not yet been accused of witch-craft.
Giles: "I will not give you no name. I mentioned my wife's name once and I'll burn in hell long enough for that. I stand mute"(97).
A popular phrase among police officers is "anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law". The phrase is made quite literal in this play. Giles learned that the hard way, and will not make the same mistake again. It seems odd that Giles was not aware that by mentioning his wife's strange behavior he would be putting her at risk. After all, he went to court many times in the past. If anyone would know the way the legal system works, it would be him. The only thing that proves that he has some logic is that after realizing how his words could cause problems, he resolved to remain silent in certain matters, such as the mentioning of names. I wonder if his reasons for defending his wife are truly selfless. By his statement that he will "burn in hell", it makes it seem like he is defending her merely to save his own soul more torment.
Tuesday, December 8, 2009
The Crucible #5
"And why not, if they must hang for denyin' it? There are them that will swear to anything before they'll hang"(Miller 69)
Proctor is the only one who is approaching the situation with logic. He, unlike the rest of the town, needs facts and evidence in order to determine whether or not someone is a witch. He knows that people will admit to anything out of fear, so the confessions of the women mean nothing to him. He perhaps looks at the witch-hunt as a cruel sort of sport for the town, as they have no other way to amuse themselves. One must wonder if his disapproval of the situation is only directed at the stupidity of others.
Cheever:"...The girl, the Willaims girl, Abigail Williams, sir. She sat to dinner in Reverend Parris' house tonight, and without word nor warning' she falls to the floor. Like a struck beast, he says, and screamed a scream that a bull would weep to hear. and he goes to save her, and, stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out. And demandin' of her how she came to be so stabbed, she...-testify it were your wife's familiar spirit pushed it in"(74).
I have to admit, that was genius. If there was any doubt as to the existence of a plot against Elizabeth earlier, it has been destroyed by now. It is now clear that Elizabeth's fears were not unwarented. Abigail used the ignorance of the town to her advantage, finding a way to get rid of Elizabeth once and for all. Abilgail had knowledge of the poppet's creation, and knew that the moment it was in Elizabeth's possession Elizabeth's fate would be set. All Abagail needed to do was stab herself with a needle and claim it was the work of Elizabeth. By her involvement in this it makes me wonder if Mary getting anything out of the plot.
Proctor is the only one who is approaching the situation with logic. He, unlike the rest of the town, needs facts and evidence in order to determine whether or not someone is a witch. He knows that people will admit to anything out of fear, so the confessions of the women mean nothing to him. He perhaps looks at the witch-hunt as a cruel sort of sport for the town, as they have no other way to amuse themselves. One must wonder if his disapproval of the situation is only directed at the stupidity of others.
Cheever:"...The girl, the Willaims girl, Abigail Williams, sir. She sat to dinner in Reverend Parris' house tonight, and without word nor warning' she falls to the floor. Like a struck beast, he says, and screamed a scream that a bull would weep to hear. and he goes to save her, and, stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out. And demandin' of her how she came to be so stabbed, she...-testify it were your wife's familiar spirit pushed it in"(74).
I have to admit, that was genius. If there was any doubt as to the existence of a plot against Elizabeth earlier, it has been destroyed by now. It is now clear that Elizabeth's fears were not unwarented. Abigail used the ignorance of the town to her advantage, finding a way to get rid of Elizabeth once and for all. Abilgail had knowledge of the poppet's creation, and knew that the moment it was in Elizabeth's possession Elizabeth's fate would be set. All Abagail needed to do was stab herself with a needle and claim it was the work of Elizabeth. By her involvement in this it makes me wonder if Mary getting anything out of the plot.
Monday, December 7, 2009
P&P Essay
Nathaniel Burns-Sarno
Advanced Placement English/ Mr. George
December 8, 2009
Essay Topic Four
The Pride and Prejudice of Society
Throughout history, members of a society have been separated based on their social standing. The idea of social classes is neither a new concept nor a retired one. However, simply because the custom of separation of class has existed for so long does not mean that it is an accepted ideal. Those at the bottom of society are often abused or ignored by those at the top, while those at the top of society enjoy the undeserved praise from those on the bottom. Oftentimes, members of the lower class rebel against the society that has oppressed them. Such was the case in the novel Pride and Prejudice, in which Elizabeth Bennet, a member of the lower class, behaves in a manner contrary to what is expected of someone of her class. In the end, she marries Mr. Darcy, a wealthy member of the upper class. When reading Pride and Prejudice, many would assume that the title refers to Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy respectively. However, the title may refer to more than just two characters. For while Mr. Darcy represents pride, and Elizabeth represents prejudice, there is one entity that represents both ideals; the classist society in which they live. A society in which people are judged based on first impressions and those of a higher class than others are given the right to behave grotesquely. Jane Austen, author of Pride and Prejudice, lived her life during the time her novel was written. Therefore, it only makes sense that she would be able to illustrate the evils of a classist society so expertly. Being that Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel, is a member of the lower class, readers are shown the effects that the classist system has on her and those around her. This novel can be read as a critique of the classist structuring of society in that it demonstrates the antagonistic side of those in higher classes, the ridiculousness of those who find value in the classist structure of society, and the negative stereotypes that come with being a member of the upper class.
There are many points throughout the novel in which a character behaves in an unattractive manner, prompting the readers to think ill of them. However, no character plays the part of antagonist more consistently than Lady Catherine De Bourgh, who is the physical representation of the all that is debauched with the classist society. Being of the upper class, Lady Catherine believes herself to be of great importance to society. If held by anyone else in the upper class, this belief might have been reasonable, as he role of the upper class is to set an example of the proper way to behave for those in the lower class. However, such a belief should not be held by Lady Catherine, as she ignores her duty to set an example and instead lives a life of self-glorification. Furthermore, Lady Catherine, having simply married a wealthy man to gain her position in society, has done nothing that merits her pride. This is a critique of how being a member of the upper class fills a person with pride, whether they are deserving of it or not. Therefore, even though some members of the upper class behave properly and set an example for the lower class, there will always be others in high society who do the opposite, like Lady Catherine. Lady Catherine constantly searches for ways to bring attention to herself, such as dressing extravagantly and speaking in a manner that ensures that she is heard by all of those around her. Her speeches are made worse by the fact that she interjects her own opinion into every word: “There was little to be done but to hear Lady Catherine talk, which she did without intermission till coffee came in, delivering her opinion on every subject in so decisive a manner as proved that she was not used to have her judgment controverted”(Austen 126). Lady Catherine’s high opinion of herself makes it impossible for her not to be insulted when someone does not behave in the exact manner that she expects them to. An example of this is when Lady Catherine is asking Elizabeth a series of personal questions, and Elizabeth speaks what is on her mind rather than agreeing with her. This trait is common among members of high society, as they are used to having their own way all the time. When the demands of those in high society are not met, they are astonished. There is a simple explanation for why those of the upper class have come to expect so many luxuries. For as bad as Lady Catherine’s personality is, it was worsened by those who enable her to behave to haughtily.
Those who find value in the classist structure of society within the novel are often portrayed as foolish sheep. This is especially true in the cases of Mr. Collins and Mrs. Bennet, both of whom find no problems with their present society despite the fact that they are not at the absolute height. In the case of Mr. Collins, he worships Lady Catherine simply because she is a member of the upper class. Lady Catherine has done nothing to earn such adoration, yet Mr. Collins has nothing but good things to say about her: “’I confess,’ said he, ‘that I should not have been at all surprised by her Ladyship’s asking us on Sunday to drink tea and spend the evening at Rosings. I rather expected, from my knowledge of her affability, that it would happen’”(123). Collins compliments traits in Lady Catherine that do not even exist. At no point in the novel is Lady Catherine shown performing any act that could be considered affable. In fact, every one of Lady Catherine’s actions were nothing short of malevolent. The critique here is that subordinates will blindly worship their masters simply because it is the role of a subordinate to do so. By praising Lady Catherine so ardently, Mr. Collins fans the flames of her ego. Mrs. Bennet’s crime is slightly different from the crime of Mr. Collins, but no more forgivable. Rather than worshipping the members of the upper class themselves, Mrs. Bennet admires the lives they live. She desires to have friends in high places, so she devotes her life to seeing to it that her daughters are married to wealthy and respectable men. She is so intent on achieving her goal that creates situations that are detrimental to her daughters just to increase their chances of starting a relationship. An example of this is when Mrs. Bennet purposely causes Jane to catch a fever so that Jane would have to stay with Bingley. This is a critique of how people become so obsessed with becoming a part of the upper class that they lose sight of everything else in order to attempt it. Both Mr. Collins and Mrs. Bennet serve as the comic relief in the novel, making Austen’s feelings towards those who find value in the classist society very clear.
The novel contains many instances in which the behavior of a character is dismissed as having something to do with their social class. This creates a few negative stereotypes against those in the upper class, particularly Mr. Darcy. An example of this is when Miss Lucas comments on Mr. Darcy’s pride: “’His pride,’ said Miss Lucas, ‘does not offend me so much as pride often does, because there is an excuse for it. One cannot wonder that so very fine a young man, with family, fortune, every thing in his favour, should think highly of himself. If I may so express it, he has a right to be proud”(13). Although her words can be interpreted as a compliment to Mr. Darcy, it can also be interpreted as an insult against the upper class. Miss Lucas’ words make it clear that in this classist society, proud behavior from those in the upper class is to be expected. Another instance of a stereotype against the upper class is Elizabeth’s belief that Mr. Darcy only behaves so rudely because he is of good social standing. However, Mr. Darcy does not actually pay much mind to the classist society he lives in, so all assumptions of his characteristics having anything to do with his position in society are false. This demonstrates that the lower class are just as classist as the upper class in some respects.
Having lived in a classist society herself, Jane Austen was able to make her novel more three-dimensional. Through demonstrating the antagonist side of those in the upper class, the ridiculousness of those who find value in the classist structure of society, and the negative stereotypes that come with being a member of the upper class, Austen cleverly incorporated her critique of the classic structure of society within her novel. By having Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, the two characters who got over their feelings towards social class, meet with a favorable end, Austen shows how pointless the separation of classes truly is. Also, having Lady Catherine be the only miserable character at the end of the novel demonstrates how putting too much emphasis on class can ruin a person. Austen expressed the views of both classes in order for them to be compared. In the end, the similarities between the classes were much more important than the differences.
Advanced Placement English/ Mr. George
December 8, 2009
Essay Topic Four
The Pride and Prejudice of Society
Throughout history, members of a society have been separated based on their social standing. The idea of social classes is neither a new concept nor a retired one. However, simply because the custom of separation of class has existed for so long does not mean that it is an accepted ideal. Those at the bottom of society are often abused or ignored by those at the top, while those at the top of society enjoy the undeserved praise from those on the bottom. Oftentimes, members of the lower class rebel against the society that has oppressed them. Such was the case in the novel Pride and Prejudice, in which Elizabeth Bennet, a member of the lower class, behaves in a manner contrary to what is expected of someone of her class. In the end, she marries Mr. Darcy, a wealthy member of the upper class. When reading Pride and Prejudice, many would assume that the title refers to Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy respectively. However, the title may refer to more than just two characters. For while Mr. Darcy represents pride, and Elizabeth represents prejudice, there is one entity that represents both ideals; the classist society in which they live. A society in which people are judged based on first impressions and those of a higher class than others are given the right to behave grotesquely. Jane Austen, author of Pride and Prejudice, lived her life during the time her novel was written. Therefore, it only makes sense that she would be able to illustrate the evils of a classist society so expertly. Being that Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel, is a member of the lower class, readers are shown the effects that the classist system has on her and those around her. This novel can be read as a critique of the classist structuring of society in that it demonstrates the antagonistic side of those in higher classes, the ridiculousness of those who find value in the classist structure of society, and the negative stereotypes that come with being a member of the upper class.
There are many points throughout the novel in which a character behaves in an unattractive manner, prompting the readers to think ill of them. However, no character plays the part of antagonist more consistently than Lady Catherine De Bourgh, who is the physical representation of the all that is debauched with the classist society. Being of the upper class, Lady Catherine believes herself to be of great importance to society. If held by anyone else in the upper class, this belief might have been reasonable, as he role of the upper class is to set an example of the proper way to behave for those in the lower class. However, such a belief should not be held by Lady Catherine, as she ignores her duty to set an example and instead lives a life of self-glorification. Furthermore, Lady Catherine, having simply married a wealthy man to gain her position in society, has done nothing that merits her pride. This is a critique of how being a member of the upper class fills a person with pride, whether they are deserving of it or not. Therefore, even though some members of the upper class behave properly and set an example for the lower class, there will always be others in high society who do the opposite, like Lady Catherine. Lady Catherine constantly searches for ways to bring attention to herself, such as dressing extravagantly and speaking in a manner that ensures that she is heard by all of those around her. Her speeches are made worse by the fact that she interjects her own opinion into every word: “There was little to be done but to hear Lady Catherine talk, which she did without intermission till coffee came in, delivering her opinion on every subject in so decisive a manner as proved that she was not used to have her judgment controverted”(Austen 126). Lady Catherine’s high opinion of herself makes it impossible for her not to be insulted when someone does not behave in the exact manner that she expects them to. An example of this is when Lady Catherine is asking Elizabeth a series of personal questions, and Elizabeth speaks what is on her mind rather than agreeing with her. This trait is common among members of high society, as they are used to having their own way all the time. When the demands of those in high society are not met, they are astonished. There is a simple explanation for why those of the upper class have come to expect so many luxuries. For as bad as Lady Catherine’s personality is, it was worsened by those who enable her to behave to haughtily.
Those who find value in the classist structure of society within the novel are often portrayed as foolish sheep. This is especially true in the cases of Mr. Collins and Mrs. Bennet, both of whom find no problems with their present society despite the fact that they are not at the absolute height. In the case of Mr. Collins, he worships Lady Catherine simply because she is a member of the upper class. Lady Catherine has done nothing to earn such adoration, yet Mr. Collins has nothing but good things to say about her: “’I confess,’ said he, ‘that I should not have been at all surprised by her Ladyship’s asking us on Sunday to drink tea and spend the evening at Rosings. I rather expected, from my knowledge of her affability, that it would happen’”(123). Collins compliments traits in Lady Catherine that do not even exist. At no point in the novel is Lady Catherine shown performing any act that could be considered affable. In fact, every one of Lady Catherine’s actions were nothing short of malevolent. The critique here is that subordinates will blindly worship their masters simply because it is the role of a subordinate to do so. By praising Lady Catherine so ardently, Mr. Collins fans the flames of her ego. Mrs. Bennet’s crime is slightly different from the crime of Mr. Collins, but no more forgivable. Rather than worshipping the members of the upper class themselves, Mrs. Bennet admires the lives they live. She desires to have friends in high places, so she devotes her life to seeing to it that her daughters are married to wealthy and respectable men. She is so intent on achieving her goal that creates situations that are detrimental to her daughters just to increase their chances of starting a relationship. An example of this is when Mrs. Bennet purposely causes Jane to catch a fever so that Jane would have to stay with Bingley. This is a critique of how people become so obsessed with becoming a part of the upper class that they lose sight of everything else in order to attempt it. Both Mr. Collins and Mrs. Bennet serve as the comic relief in the novel, making Austen’s feelings towards those who find value in the classist society very clear.
The novel contains many instances in which the behavior of a character is dismissed as having something to do with their social class. This creates a few negative stereotypes against those in the upper class, particularly Mr. Darcy. An example of this is when Miss Lucas comments on Mr. Darcy’s pride: “’His pride,’ said Miss Lucas, ‘does not offend me so much as pride often does, because there is an excuse for it. One cannot wonder that so very fine a young man, with family, fortune, every thing in his favour, should think highly of himself. If I may so express it, he has a right to be proud”(13). Although her words can be interpreted as a compliment to Mr. Darcy, it can also be interpreted as an insult against the upper class. Miss Lucas’ words make it clear that in this classist society, proud behavior from those in the upper class is to be expected. Another instance of a stereotype against the upper class is Elizabeth’s belief that Mr. Darcy only behaves so rudely because he is of good social standing. However, Mr. Darcy does not actually pay much mind to the classist society he lives in, so all assumptions of his characteristics having anything to do with his position in society are false. This demonstrates that the lower class are just as classist as the upper class in some respects.
Having lived in a classist society herself, Jane Austen was able to make her novel more three-dimensional. Through demonstrating the antagonist side of those in the upper class, the ridiculousness of those who find value in the classist structure of society, and the negative stereotypes that come with being a member of the upper class, Austen cleverly incorporated her critique of the classic structure of society within her novel. By having Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, the two characters who got over their feelings towards social class, meet with a favorable end, Austen shows how pointless the separation of classes truly is. Also, having Lady Catherine be the only miserable character at the end of the novel demonstrates how putting too much emphasis on class can ruin a person. Austen expressed the views of both classes in order for them to be compared. In the end, the similarities between the classes were much more important than the differences.
The Crucible #4
"Then how do you charge me with such a promise? The promise that a stallion gives a mare I gave that girl!"(Miller 62).
What a perfect way to put it! While stallions are majestic and powerful, they are not exactly known for their loyalty to their mates. A stallion often mates with a whole herd, particularly mares that are a lot younger than it(Abagail). By using the term "stallion", Proctor is admitting his feelings for Abagail were entirely due to lust. A "stallion's promise" can be seen as a promise of tenderness and protection, but never of true devotion. It seems odd that Proctor would be able to say something like that so openly to his wife. Perhaps he has been working on a way to get over his feelings longer than the novel would have us believe.
"Elizabeth, delicately : Adultery, John. Proctor, as though a secret arrow had pained his heart : Aye"(67).
It is intereting that when listing the Commandments, Proctor forgot the law against adultery. Perhaps this is due to the fact that he committed adultery many times, and attempts to wipe the phrase out of his mind in order to cope with the guilt. Or perhaps he does not see adultery as a crime at all. Whatever the reason, by forgetting that Commandment, Proctor shows that he has strong feelings toward adultery one way or another. It is just unclear whether those feelings are good or bad. The fact that once he is reminded of adultery he feels pain makes it more likely that he has negative feelings towards the act. However, his pain could stem from his feeling misunderstood because of what he does.
What a perfect way to put it! While stallions are majestic and powerful, they are not exactly known for their loyalty to their mates. A stallion often mates with a whole herd, particularly mares that are a lot younger than it(Abagail). By using the term "stallion", Proctor is admitting his feelings for Abagail were entirely due to lust. A "stallion's promise" can be seen as a promise of tenderness and protection, but never of true devotion. It seems odd that Proctor would be able to say something like that so openly to his wife. Perhaps he has been working on a way to get over his feelings longer than the novel would have us believe.
"Elizabeth, delicately : Adultery, John. Proctor, as though a secret arrow had pained his heart : Aye"(67).
It is intereting that when listing the Commandments, Proctor forgot the law against adultery. Perhaps this is due to the fact that he committed adultery many times, and attempts to wipe the phrase out of his mind in order to cope with the guilt. Or perhaps he does not see adultery as a crime at all. Whatever the reason, by forgetting that Commandment, Proctor shows that he has strong feelings toward adultery one way or another. It is just unclear whether those feelings are good or bad. The fact that once he is reminded of adultery he feels pain makes it more likely that he has negative feelings towards the act. However, his pain could stem from his feeling misunderstood because of what he does.
Thursday, December 3, 2009
The Crucible #2
"The Devil, as Reverend Hale said, is a wily one, and until an hour before he fell, even God thought him beautiful in Heaven"(Miller 35)
I feel as though this is forshadowing something. Perhaps a character will appear in this novel who seems truly pure, but is in fact tainted. There may already be such a character, for if the reader is not counted as knowledgeable of the purpose of each character, then there are several characters whom the other characters believe to be innocent. This could also be a "sympathy for the Devil" take on society, for should a character fall from grace, we will be able to see the reasons and events leading up to it. If nothing else, we know that even those who seem completely pure can in fact be wicked.
"I'm not sayin' she's touched the Devil, now, but I'd admire to know what books she reads and why she hides them. She'll not answer me, y'see."(41)
Giles, having been used as the town's scapegoat for so long, has become paranoid that he is cursed with bad fortune. This explains why he believes his wife may be practicing witchcraft or some other immoral activities. He choses his words carefully to express his concern, but not brand his wife a witch. His suspicions seem well-founded. However, the idea of his wife practicing witchcraft seems too convenient. She is most likely partaking in some other activity with her books. Perhaps what she is doing will become a major plot-point in the future.
I feel as though this is forshadowing something. Perhaps a character will appear in this novel who seems truly pure, but is in fact tainted. There may already be such a character, for if the reader is not counted as knowledgeable of the purpose of each character, then there are several characters whom the other characters believe to be innocent. This could also be a "sympathy for the Devil" take on society, for should a character fall from grace, we will be able to see the reasons and events leading up to it. If nothing else, we know that even those who seem completely pure can in fact be wicked.
"I'm not sayin' she's touched the Devil, now, but I'd admire to know what books she reads and why she hides them. She'll not answer me, y'see."(41)
Giles, having been used as the town's scapegoat for so long, has become paranoid that he is cursed with bad fortune. This explains why he believes his wife may be practicing witchcraft or some other immoral activities. He choses his words carefully to express his concern, but not brand his wife a witch. His suspicions seem well-founded. However, the idea of his wife practicing witchcraft seems too convenient. She is most likely partaking in some other activity with her books. Perhaps what she is doing will become a major plot-point in the future.
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
The Crucible 1
"I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! I never knew what pretense Salem was, I never knew the lying lessions I was taught by all thee Christian women and their covenanted men!"(Miller 24)
By this quote, it seems Proctor has much more to do with the situation than he is letting on. He is prehaps the reason for the girls practicing witchcraft, which was most likely done to secure his own interests. Also, Abagail is shown to not have always behaved the way she does now, and resents the very establishment that raised her. Whether this is based on logic or love is unclear at this point.
"I did not preach for children, Rebecca. It is not the children who are unmindful of their obligations toward this ministry"(29)
Parris' words make him out to be paranoid about everything(which is common for someone who has power). However, it seems that if he does wish to rid the world of those who disobey the order of the society in which he lives, the children should be of great convern to him. After all, once the youth is corrupted, society does not stand a chance. The fact that Parris is more worried about those near his social standing show his fear of someone taking his place.
By this quote, it seems Proctor has much more to do with the situation than he is letting on. He is prehaps the reason for the girls practicing witchcraft, which was most likely done to secure his own interests. Also, Abagail is shown to not have always behaved the way she does now, and resents the very establishment that raised her. Whether this is based on logic or love is unclear at this point.
"I did not preach for children, Rebecca. It is not the children who are unmindful of their obligations toward this ministry"(29)
Parris' words make him out to be paranoid about everything(which is common for someone who has power). However, it seems that if he does wish to rid the world of those who disobey the order of the society in which he lives, the children should be of great convern to him. After all, once the youth is corrupted, society does not stand a chance. The fact that Parris is more worried about those near his social standing show his fear of someone taking his place.
Pride and Prejudice Assignment #2
Nathaniel Burns-Sarno Advanced Placement English/Mr. George
December 3, 2009
Pride and Prejudice: Assignment #2
With her novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen critiques the classist society in many different ways, which include having the characters who wish to elevate their social status behave in an absurd manner and through mercenary marriages. However, none of the ways that Austen critiques the classist society of her novel are as prominent as the character of Lady Catherine De Bourgh, who embodies all that is corrupt with the upper class. Lady Catherine plays the role of the main antagonist within the novel, having no positive influence on any of the characters or events that take place. Instead of setting an example of proper etiquette for the lower classes, which is what should be expected from members of the upper class, Lady Catherine behaves in a very proud and condescending manner. What makes Lady Catherine such an outstanding example of that which is corrupt with the upper class is her pride without proper merit, her rudeness towards Elizabeth, and her traditional stance in opposing the relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy.
Lady Catherine is a very proud and opinionated person. While feelings of pride are not uncommon for those of a high social status, Lady Catherine’s pride is completely unfounded. She accomplished nothing of importance in her life and only obtained her position in society by marrying into money. This makes her behavior all the more repulsive, especially since she truly believes herself to be deserving of the highest praise. She forgets that she was not always of such great fortune and social standing.
From the initial introduction of Lady Catherine in the novel, it is clear that she is intent on being heard by all on every subject. “There was little to be done but to hear Lady Catherine talk, which she did without intermission till coffee came in, delivering her opinion on every subject in so decisive a manner as proved that she was not used to have her judgment controverted”(Austen 126). Lady Catherine’s opinionated disposition is especially obvious during her conversation with Elizabeth, in which Lady Catherine asks Elizabeth a series of personal questions, while inserting her own opinion each time Elizabeth replies with an answer that she find unsatisfactory. By her reactions to each one of Elizabeth’s answers, Lady Catherine makes it evident that she expected Elizabeth to agree with everything she said, rather than argue against her opinion. Lady Catherine believes that because she is in a higher class than Elizabeth, that Elizabeth should bend to her will. When Elizabeth does not, Lady Catherine is astonished.
Lady Catherine, who was intent on Mr. Darcy marrying her daughter, became furious after hearing a rumor that Mr. Darcy may have fallen in love with someone else. Thus, she inserts herself into the situation, telling Elizabeth not to pursue Mr. Darcy “Because honour, decorum, prudence, nay interest, forbid it”(271). Lady Catherine holds the traditional view that those of a certain class should only be married to others within their own class, especially if they are of high social standing. This is an unacceptable view for someone like her, who only gained her position in society through marriage.
Lady Catherine is the only character in the novel who resolves to remain miserable in the end. Her stubbornness and pride do not allow her move on after not having her own way. Austen perhaps had her meet with an unfavorable end to demonstrate how putting so much emphasis on social class will leave a person with nothing. Through her proud behavior, rude conduct to Elizabeth, and objecting to Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy’s relationship, Lady Catherine is cemented as the embodiment of all that is corrupt with the upper class.
December 3, 2009
Pride and Prejudice: Assignment #2
With her novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen critiques the classist society in many different ways, which include having the characters who wish to elevate their social status behave in an absurd manner and through mercenary marriages. However, none of the ways that Austen critiques the classist society of her novel are as prominent as the character of Lady Catherine De Bourgh, who embodies all that is corrupt with the upper class. Lady Catherine plays the role of the main antagonist within the novel, having no positive influence on any of the characters or events that take place. Instead of setting an example of proper etiquette for the lower classes, which is what should be expected from members of the upper class, Lady Catherine behaves in a very proud and condescending manner. What makes Lady Catherine such an outstanding example of that which is corrupt with the upper class is her pride without proper merit, her rudeness towards Elizabeth, and her traditional stance in opposing the relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy.
Lady Catherine is a very proud and opinionated person. While feelings of pride are not uncommon for those of a high social status, Lady Catherine’s pride is completely unfounded. She accomplished nothing of importance in her life and only obtained her position in society by marrying into money. This makes her behavior all the more repulsive, especially since she truly believes herself to be deserving of the highest praise. She forgets that she was not always of such great fortune and social standing.
From the initial introduction of Lady Catherine in the novel, it is clear that she is intent on being heard by all on every subject. “There was little to be done but to hear Lady Catherine talk, which she did without intermission till coffee came in, delivering her opinion on every subject in so decisive a manner as proved that she was not used to have her judgment controverted”(Austen 126). Lady Catherine’s opinionated disposition is especially obvious during her conversation with Elizabeth, in which Lady Catherine asks Elizabeth a series of personal questions, while inserting her own opinion each time Elizabeth replies with an answer that she find unsatisfactory. By her reactions to each one of Elizabeth’s answers, Lady Catherine makes it evident that she expected Elizabeth to agree with everything she said, rather than argue against her opinion. Lady Catherine believes that because she is in a higher class than Elizabeth, that Elizabeth should bend to her will. When Elizabeth does not, Lady Catherine is astonished.
Lady Catherine, who was intent on Mr. Darcy marrying her daughter, became furious after hearing a rumor that Mr. Darcy may have fallen in love with someone else. Thus, she inserts herself into the situation, telling Elizabeth not to pursue Mr. Darcy “Because honour, decorum, prudence, nay interest, forbid it”(271). Lady Catherine holds the traditional view that those of a certain class should only be married to others within their own class, especially if they are of high social standing. This is an unacceptable view for someone like her, who only gained her position in society through marriage.
Lady Catherine is the only character in the novel who resolves to remain miserable in the end. Her stubbornness and pride do not allow her move on after not having her own way. Austen perhaps had her meet with an unfavorable end to demonstrate how putting so much emphasis on social class will leave a person with nothing. Through her proud behavior, rude conduct to Elizabeth, and objecting to Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy’s relationship, Lady Catherine is cemented as the embodiment of all that is corrupt with the upper class.
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